Presbyters Uniwersytet Warszawski
ID
ER 1966
Ambrose of Milan (Italy) in his work "On the sacraments" describes the solemn rite of baptism administered by deacons and priests. He speaks about the dignity of the priests who are witnesses to the baptismal profession. Composed in Milan, before AD 391.
Book 1
 
II. 4. Venimus ad fontem, ingressus es, unctus es. Considera, quos videris, quid locutus sis, considera, repete diligenter! Ocurrit tibi leuita, occurrit presbyter, unctus es quasi athleta Christi, quasi luctam huius saeculi luctaturus. Professus es luctaminis tui certamina. Qui luctatur, habet, quod speret; ubi certamen, ibi corona. Luctaris in saeculo, sed coronaris a Christo. Et pro certaminibus saeculi coronaris; nam etsi in caelo praemium, hic tamen meritum praemii conlocatur.
5. Quando te interrogavit: "Abrenuntias diabolo et operibus eius?" quid respondisti? "Abrenuntio." "Abrenuntias saeculo et voluptatibus eius?" quid respondisti? "Abrenuntio." - Memor esto sermonis tui, et numquam tibi excidat tuae series cautionis.  Si chirographum homini dederis, teneris obnoxius, ut pecuniam eius accipias; teneris adstrictus, et reluctantem te fenerator adstringit. Si recusas, vadis ad iudicem atque illic tua cautione convinceris. 6. Ubi promiseris, considera, vel quibus promiseris. Levitam vidisti, sed minister est Christi. Vidisti illum ante altaria ministrare. Considera, ubi capias sacramenta caelestia. Si hic corpus est Christi, hic et angeli constituti sunt. "Ubi corpus, ibi et aquilae" [Matth 24:28; Luc 17:37] legisti in evangelio. Ubi corpus Christi, ibi et aquilae, quae volare consuerunt, ut terrena fugiant, caelestia petant. Quare hoc dico? Quia et homines angeli, quicumque adnuntiant Christum et in angelorum adscisci videntur locum. 7. Quomodo? Accipe: Baptista erat Iohannes natus ex viro et muliere. Attamen audi, quia angelus est et ipse: "Ecce mitto angelum meum ante faciem tuam et parabit viam tuam ante te." [Matt 11:10] Et accipe aliud. Malachiel ait propheta: "Quia labia sacerdotis custodiunt scientiam et legem exquirunt ex ore ipsius, angelus est enim dei omnipotentis" [Mal 2:7]. Haec ideo dicuntur, ut sacerdotii gloriam praedicemus, non ut aliquid personalibus meritis adrogetur.
8. Ergo abrenuntiasti mundo, abrenuntiasti saeculo; esto sollicitus! Qui pecuniam debet, semper cautionem suam considerat. Et tu, qui fidem debes Christo, fidem serva, quae multo pretiosior quam pecunia est; fides enim aeternum patrimonium est, pecunia temporale. Et tu ergo semper recordare, quid promiseris: eris cautior. Si teneas promissionem tuam, tenebis et cautionem.
III. 9. Deinde accessisti propius, vidist fontem, vidisti et sacerdotem supra fontem. Nec hoc possum dubitare, quod in animum vestrum non potuerit cadere, quod cecidit in illum Syrum Neman, quia, etsi mundatus est, tamen ante dubitavit. Quare? Dicam, accipe: 10. Ingressus es, vidisti aquam, vidisti sacerdotem, vidisti levitam. Ne forte aliqui dixerit: "Hoc est totum?" Immo hoc est totum, vere totum, ubi tota innocentia, ubi tota pietas, tota gratia, tota sanctificatio. Vidisti, quae videre potuisti oculis tui corporis et humanis conspectibus, non vidisti illa, quae operantur, sed quae videntur. Illa multo maiora sunt, quae non videntur quam quae videntur, quoniam "quae videntur, temporalia sunt, quae autem non videntur, aeterna." [2 Cor 4:18]
[...]
 
Book 2
 
VI.16. Nunc disputemus, quid sit, quod dicitur baptisma! Venisti ad fontem, descendisti in eum, adtendisti summum sacerdotem; levitas, presbyterum in fonte vidisti. Quid est baptismum?
 
(ed. Faller 1955: 17-20, 32)
Book 1
 
II. 4. We came to the font, you did enter. Consider whom you saw, consider what you said, recall it carefully. You were greeted by a levite, you were greeted by a presbyter. You were anointed as Christ's athlete as about to wrestle in the fight of this world, you commited yourself to this fight. One who wrestles, has something to hope for: where is the contest, there is the crown. You fight in the world but you are crowned by Christ, and you are crowned for contests in the world. For, though the reward is in heaven, the earning of the reward is placed here.
5. When he asked you, "Do you renounce the devil and his works," what did you reply? "I renounce." "Do you renounce the world and its pleasures," what did you reply? "I renounce." Be mindful of your words, and never let the consequences of your promise pass from your memory. If you give a man your note of hand, you are held to be under acknowledgement of receiving his money; you are held bound, and the lender keeps you to it, however unwilling you might be. If you deny, you go before the judge, and there you are convicted by your promise. 6. Consider where you did promise, or to whom you did promise. You saw a levite. But he is the minister of Christ; you have seen him ministering at the altar. Therefore, your note of hand is kept not on earth but in heaven. Consider where you receive the heavenly mysteries. If the body of Christ is here, the angels are stationed here also. "Where the body is, there also are the eagles," [Matt 24:28; Luke 17:37] you have read in the Gospel. Where the body of Christ is, there also the eagles are wont to fly, that they may shun earthly things, pursue heavenly. 7. Why do I say this? Because men also are angels, whosoever proclaim Christ, and seem to be admitted into the place of angels. How? Take the case of the Baptist. John was born of a man and a woman. Yet hear how even he is an angel: "Behold, I send my angel before your face, and he shall prepare your way before you." [Mal 3:1] Take another passage of the prophet Malachi: "For the priest's lips keep knowledge, and they seek the law at his mouth: for he is the angel of God Almighty." [Mal 2:7] These things are said to extol the dignity of the priest, not to claim anything for personal merits.
8. Therefore, you have renounced the world, you have renounced this life. Be careful. A man who owes money is always considering his bond. And you who owes faith to Christ, keep faith, which is much more precious than money; for faith is an eternal possession, money a temporal. And, therefore, always remember what you have promised, and you will be more cautious. If you keep your promise, you will keep also your bond.
III. 9. Then you drew near; you saw the font, you saw also the priest above the font. Nor can I doubt, that his may have occurred to your mind, which occurred to the Syrian Naaman; for, although he was cleansed, yet he doubted previously. Why? I will tell; listen. 10. You did enter, you saw the water, you saw the priest, you saw a levite. Let no some one perhaps say, "Is this all?" Yes, it is all. It is truly all, where all is innocency, all is godliness, all is grace, all is sanctification. You have seen all that you could see with the eyes of your body and with human vision. You have not seen the things which are effected, because they cannot be seen. The things which are not seen are far greater than those which are seen; since "the things which are seen are temporal, the things which are not seen are eternal." [2 Cor 4: 18]
[...]
 
Book 2
 
VI.16. Now let us examine what it is which is called baptism. You came to the font, you went down in it; you did watch the high priest, you did see the levites and the presbyters in the font. What is baptism?
 
(trans. Thomson 1919: 77-79, 91, altered)

Discussion:

In De sacramentis "sacerdos" normally means refers to the bishop, and the rite of baptism as described in this work should be normally administered by the bishop assisted by presbyters and deacons. Nevertheless, as Ambrose sometimes uses a modifier "summus" to be unambiguous, it is probable that "sacerdos" might also be used to describe presbyters. Compare [1966].

Place of event:

Region
  • Italy north of Rome with Corsica and Sardinia
City
  • Milan

About the source:

Author: Ambrose of Milan
Title: De sacramentis, On the sacraments
Origin: Milan (Italy north of Rome with Corsica and Sardinia)
Denomination: Catholic/Nicene/Chalcedonian
De sacramentis ("On the sacraments") is a short liturgical treatise consisting of six homilies ("books") addressed to the newly baptized and it treats baptism, anointment with chrism, and Eucharist. Its attribution to Ambrose was doubted in the modern times - first by the followers of Ulrich Zwingli in the 16th c. who discussed its authenticity on the Marburg Colloquy in 1529 (the debate between Martin Luther and Ulrich Zwingli over the Real Presence of Christ in Eucharist). The Ambrosian authorship was later challenged by the Benedictine editors of Ambrose in the 17th c. and subsequent scholars accepted its spurious character. T. Scherman (1903) proposed the authorship of Maximus of Turin. Morin (1897) made an attempt to attribute De sacramentis to Nicetas of Remesiana, the concept later accepted by Gamber (1967) but the view was not universally accepted. Morin himself later changed his mind and opted for the Ambrosian authorship (1928). Conolly (1942) noticed that the quotations of the Bible in De sacramentis are very similar to the specific Biblical text used by Ambrose in his other writings. The authenticity of De sacramentis is accepted by Faller (1955: *19-*30), Botte (1961: 12-21). De sacramentis was probably later (but still before 391) reworked by Ambrose into De mysteriis (see [1989]). For further reading see references in Di Berardino 1986: 172-173.
Edition:
B. Botte (ed.), Ambroise de Milan, Des sacrements. Des mysteres. Nouvelles edition revue et augmentee de Explication du symbole, Sources Chretiennes 25, Paris 1961
O. Faller (ed.), Sancti Ambrosii opera pars septima. Explanatio symboli. De sacramentis. De mysteriis. De paenitentia. De excessu fratris. De obitu Valentiniani. De obitu Theodosii, Vienna 1955
 
Translation:
T. Thomson trans., J.H. Srawley ed., St. Ambrose, On the mysteries and the treatise on the sacraments by an unknown author, New York 1919
Bibliography:
A. Di Berardino (ed.), Patrology, vol. 4, Westminster, MD 1986.
R.H. Conolly, The De Sacramentis a Work of Ambrose: Two Papers, Downside Abbey 1942.
K. Gamber, Die Autorschaft von de Sacramentis: Zugleich ein Beitrag zur Liturgiegeschichte der römischen Provinz Dacia mediterranea, Regensburg 1967.
G. Morin, "Pour l’authenticité du De Sacramentis et de l’Explanatio Symboli de S. Ambroise”, Jahrbuch für Liturgiewissenschaft 8 (1928), 86–106.
T. Schermann, "Die pseudo-ambrosianische Schrift De sacramentis”, Römische Quartalschrift 17 (1903), 36–53.

Categories:

Described by a title - Presbyter/πρεσβύτερος
    Described by a title - Sacerdos/ἱερεύς
      Ritual activity - Baptism and instructing catechumens
        Ritual activity - Anointment
          Relation with - Bishop/Monastic superior
            Relation with - Deacon
              Theoretical considerations - On priesthood
                Please quote this record referring to its author, database name, number, and, if possible, stable URL: M. Szada, Presbyters in the Late Antique West, ER1966, http://www.presbytersproject.ihuw.pl/index.php?id=6&SourceID=1966