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ID
ER 2171
Funerary inscription of the presbyter Adeodatus from the titular church of Prisca. Rome, probably 4th/5th c.
ID
ER 2172
Funerary inscription of the Presbyter Urbicus. Rome, probably 6th c.
ID
ER 2173
Funerary inscription of the presbyter [Cand]idus. Anzio (central Italy), AD 378.
ID
ER 2174
Due to the lack of any clergy, the revenues of the Church of Minturno (Italy) are tranferred to the neighbouring bishopric of Formia. Gregory the Great, Letter 1.8, AD 590.
ID
ER 2175
Funerary inscription of an anoymous presbyter in Ariccia (Central Italy), probably 5th c.
ID
ER 2176
Presbyter and abbot Gregory from the monastery of St. Theodore in the province of Palermo (Sicily) pleads with Gregory the Great to resolve a conflict between the monastery and members of the Church of Rome over a piece of land. Gregory the Great, Letter 1.9, AD 590.
ID
ER 2177
Abbot Agapitus from the monastery of St. George in Orvieto asks Gregory the Great to intervene with Bishop John of Orvieto who forbade the celebration of the mass and the burial of the dead in the monastery. Gregory the Great, Letter 1.12, AD 590.
ID
ER 2178
Gregory the Great orders Bishop Balbinus of Rusellae to ordain one archpresbyter and two deacons to the church in Populonia and three presbyters to Populonia`s parishes, because there is no clergy left there. Gregory the Great, Letter 1.15, AD 591.
ID
ER 2179
Gregory asks his envoy in Sicily to send clerics and monks worthy of priesthood to Rome. Gregory the Great, Letter 1.18, AD 591.
ID
ER 2180
Gregory the Great orders Bishop Natalis of Salona (Illyricum) to reinstate the archdeacon Honoratus from the same church, who was demoted for refusing to be ordained presbyter. Gregory the Great, Letter 1.19, AD 591.
ID
ER 2181
Gregory the Great orders his envoy, the Subdeacon Anthelm to give two gold coins to the Presbyter Paulinus from the monastery of St. Erasmus in Campania. Gregory the Great, Letter 1.23, AD 591.
ID
ER 2182
The Emperor Constantius and the caesar Julian issue a law confirming fiscal privileges of clerics and their families. The law issued on 6 and 28 December 356, included in the Theodosian Code published in 438 and repeated in the Justinian Code, promulgated in 529 and then again 534.
ID
ER 2183
The Emperor Constantius and the caesar Julian issue a law on fiscal privileges of clerics and churches. The law issued on 30 June 360, included in the Theodosian Code published in 438 and repeated in the Justinian Code, promulgated in 529 and then again 534.
ID
ER 2184
The Emperor Valentinian and Valens issue a law forbidding wealthy people from entering into holy orders. The law issued on 10 or 12 September 364, included in the Theodosian Code published in 438.
ID
ER 2185
DRAFT Anonymous at Domitilla. Rome, AD 386
ID
ER 2186
Funerary inscription, commissioned by the Presbyter Timotheus for his wife. Rome, probably early 4th c.
ID
ER 2187
Funerary inscription of Presbyter Timotheus for his sister. Probably early 4th c.
ID
ER 2188
Funerary inscription of te presbyter Victor, recounting his services for the Church. Rome, probably late 4th/5th c.
ID
ER 2189
The Emperor Valentinian and Valens issue a law concerning clerics of curial origin. The law issued on 17 October 373 (?), included in the Theodosian Code published in 438.
ID
ER 2190
Two priests (presbyters?) from Liguria (Italy) bribed with huge amount of money are sent as envoys by the Ostrogothic king Vittigis to the Persian king, Chosroes, in order to persuade him to attack East Romans, AD 539. Account of Procopius, "The Wars", written in Constantinople, AD 545-551.
ID
ER 2191
Funerary inscription of the presbyter Benenatus and his wife Rustica, AD 459 and 460, Rome in the church of saint Praxedis.
ID
ER 2192
Funerary inscription of Mocimus, possibly a presbyter from Antioch (probably in Syria) deposed in Salona (Dalmatia), 4th or 5th century.
ID
ER 2193
The Emperor Valentinian and Valens issue a law which allows clerics of curial origin to be exempt from the laws ordering them to go back to the municipal councils if they had not been recalled to them for the previous ten years. The law issued on 17 October 370 (or maybe 373), included in the Theodosian Code published in 438.
ID
ER 2194
The Emperors Valentinian, Valens, and Gratian issue a law which forbids clerics to associate with widows and juvenile women and forbids these women to donate or bequeath anything of their property to clerics. The law issued on 30 July 370, included in the Theodosian Code published in 438.
ID
ER 2195
Ambrose, bishop of Milan (Italy) in a philosophical treatise about duties "De officiis" discourages clerics to go on lavish dinner-parties and visits in the houses of widows and virgins. He proposes them instead to spend their free time reading. Milan, the late 380s.
ID
ER 2196
Presbyter Theodosius dedicates an inscription to his late brother, Valerius from Iuvavum (Salzburg), possibly 2nd half of the 5th century.
ID
ER 2197
Funerary inscription of Sberentes, son of the Presbyter Marturius from Krivnya, Moesia inferior, undated.
ID
ER 2198
Funerary inscription of the Presbyter Paul from Ratiaria (Dacia), 5th or 6th century.
ID
ER 2199
Funerary inscription of the Presbyter Buraidus from Serdica, the 5th or 6th century.
ID
ER 2200
Funerary inscription of the presbyter Maxentius from Serdica, the 5th or 6th century.
ID
ER 2201
Funerary inscription of the presbyter Leonianus discovered in Serdica, 5th or 6th century.
ID
ER 2202
Two clerics from the church of Nola, Felix and Peter, concealed their clerical status appealing to the king against their bishop with whom they were in conflict concerning ecclesiastical money which the bishop forced them to return. Letter of Pope Gelasius to Ereleuva, mother of King Theoderic, written in 496.
ID
ER 2203
Two clerics from the church of Nola, Felix and Peter, concealed their clerical status appealing to the king in their conflict with their bishop, Serenus of Nola. The king handed their case to Pope Gelasius. Letter of Pope Gelasius to Bishops Quingesius and Constantinus, 496.
ID
ER 2204
Pope Gelasius in a letter attacks Andromachus, master of offices in the government of Odoacer, for accusing publicly a member of clergy of fornication and probably planning to insult him during the festivities of Lupercalia. Gelasius, Tract 6 "To Andromachus" ("Against the Lupercalia"), included as Letter 100 in the Collectio Avellana compiled in the second half of the 6th c.
ID
ER 2205
Jerome, commenting on the letters of Paul, claims that in the early Church presbyters held the same authority as bishops, and the dioceses were governed by the councils of presbyters. Jerome, Commentary on Titus, Betlehem, ca 388.
ID
ER 2206
Funerary inscription of the presbyter Honorius found in the cemetery of Manastirine in Salona (Dalmatia), the 5th or the first half of the 6th century.
ID
ER 2207
Funerary inscription of the presbyter Gemellinus on the cover of a sarcophagus found in the basilica of Manastrine in Salona (Dalmatia), probably the 6th century.
ID
ER 2208
Funerary inscription of the presbyter Anastasius from Salona (Dalmatia), datable 471/530 AD.
ID
ER 2209
Inscription on sarcophagus mentioning Flavia Vitalia, presbytera or a presbyter `s wife, who has sold the sarcophagus to Theodosius, Salona (Dalmatia), AD 425.
ID
ER 2210
Funerary inscription of Theodula, daughter of the presbyter Patricius, Tomis (Scythia Minor), the 4th or 5th century.
ID
ER 2211
Funerary inscription of the presbyter Barusus, found in Mérida (southern Spain), dated to 4 October 522.
ID
ER 2212
Having been accused of posting messages of King Totila in the conspicuous places in Rome at night, Arian priests are expelled from the city by the commanders of the East Roman army, AD 543. Account of Procopius, "The Wars", written in Constantinople, AD 545-551.
ID
ER 2213
All the presbyters and deacons of Possessio Cephalitana (North Africa) sacrifice to the idols during the Diocletianic persecutions in AD 304. The account of the "Martyrdom of Saints Maxima, Donatilla and Secunda", written probably in 4th/5th c.
ID
ER 2214
The Emperors Valentinian, Valens, and Gratian issue a law which confirms exemption from the curial duties for those who became clerics before the beginning of Valentinian`s reign (26 February 364). The law issued on 17 May 371, included in the Theodosian Code published in 438. Confirmed by another law issued on 1 December 372.
ID
ER 2215
The Emperors Valens, Gratian, and Valentinian issue a law according to which bishops can be judged by secular courts only if accused of criminal charges. Other matters should be decided by diocesan synods. Interpretation added to the law in the Breviary specifies that diocesan synods are the gathering of presbyters. The law issued on 17 May 376, included in the Theodosian Code published in 438 and in the Breviary of Alaric, published in 506 in Gaul.
ID
ER 2216
The Emperors Valens, Gratian, and Valentinian issue a law exempting clerics from the rank of presbyters to ostiaries from the compulsory public services that are incumbent on persons. The law issued on 5 March 377, included in the Theodosian Code published in 438 and repeated in in the Justinian Code, promulgated in 529 and then again 534.
ID
ER 2217
The Emperors Valentinian, Theodosius, and Arcadius issue a law concerning deaconesses. Among other things, the law forbids deaconesses from bequeathing their property to churches and clerics. The law issued on 21 June 390, included in the Theodosian Code published in 438 and repeated in in the Justinian Code, promulgated in 529 and then again 534.
ID
ER 2218
The Emperors Valentinian, Theodosius, and Arcadius issue a law concerning deaconesses abolishing the law XVI.2.27 from two months later which forbade the deaconesses to bequeath their property to clerics. The law issued on 23 August 390, included in the Theodosian Code published in 438 and repeated in in the Justinian Code, promulgated in 529 and then again 534.
ID
ER 2219
Ambrosiaster commenting on Ephesians 4:11-12 explains how the organization of the Church looked like originally and how and why it changed into the contemporary one, the 370s or 380s.
ID
ER 2220
The Emperors Arcadius and Honorius issue a law according to which violence against priests, clerics and churches should be punished with capital sentence.The law issued on 15 January 409, included in the Theodosian Code (16.2.31) published in 438 and repeated in in the Justinian Code, promulgated in 529 and then again 534 (1.3.10).
ID
ER 2221
The Emperors Arcadius and Honorius issue a law ordering bishops to ordain monks instead of lay persons who might be subjected to various public or private accounts. The law issued on 26 July 398, included in the Theodosian Code (16.2.32) published in 438.
ID
ER 2222
Inscription on the brim of the baptismal font, constructed by the Presbyter Felix and other people. Kelibia (North Africa), AD 550/600.
ID
ER 2223
An anonymous presbyter is mentioned in one of the fragments of the Latin inscription that reffers to Abdos and Semnes (Persian martyrs in Rome, buried on the via Portuensis); composed by Pope Damasus. Found in the Cemetery of Pontianus, via Portuensis, Rome. AD 366/384.
ID
ER 2224
Latin inscription commemorating the arranging of the tomb of Felix and Adauctus (martyrs of Rome) by the Presbyter Verus on the orders of Pope Damasus, composed by Pope Damasus. Found in the Cemetery of Commodilla, Rome, AD 366/384.
ID
ER 2225
Latin inscription recounting the martyrdom of the Presbyter Hippolytus (died in early 3rd c.) composed by Pope Damasus. Found in the Cemetery of Hippolytus, Via Tiburtina, Rome, AD 366/384.
ID
ER 2226
The Emperors Arcadius and Honorius issue a law forbidding tenants to join the clergy without consent of their landowner. They can only become clerics in their own villages. The law issued on 27 July 398, included in the Theodosian Code (16.2.33) published in 438 and repeated in the Justinian Code promulgated in 529 and then again 534.
ID
ER 2227
Ambrosiaster commenting on 1 Thessalonians 5:12-13 says that the presbyters should be especially honoured because of their teaching duties; the faithful should give them offerings in gratitude but they should not be excessive. The "Commentaries do the Pauline Epistles", written in Rome, the 370s or 380s.
ID
ER 2228
Funerary inscription commemorating the selling of a burial place by the Presbyter Exillaratus. Rome, possibly 6th c.
ID
ER 2229
Ambrosiaster commenting on 1 Timothy 3:8-10 says that Paul`s requirements for the deacons regard all the more bishops and presbyters. The "Commentaries do the Pauline Epistles", written in Rome, the 370s or 380s.
ID
ER 2230
Gregory the Great describes the virtues of an ideal priest. Gregory the Great, Letter 1.24, AD 591.
ID
ER 2231
DRAFT Funerary poem in honour of an anonymous presbyter. Rome, AD 575/600.
ID
ER 2232
Gregory the Great orders his envoy, the subdeacon Anthelm to restrain former clerics who wish to perform clerical duties after taking monastic vows. The sole exception is made for these monks whom their local bishop promoted to presbyterate. Gregory the Great, Letter 1.40, AD 591.
ID
ER 2233
DRAFT Funerary poem for the Presbyter Mareas. Rome, AD 554/555.
ID
ER 2234
DRAFT Latin inscription commemorating the restauration of the cemeterial basilica of St Hippolytus, done by the Presbyter Andreas. Rome, AD 538/545.
ID
ER 2235
Gregory the Great orders Subdeacon Peter who administrates papal estates in Sicily to send revenue from the estates belonging to the church of Canosa to its clergy. The lapsed clerics ought to be sent to the monasteries for penance, but they should still collect stipends. Gregory the Great, Letter 1.42, AD 591.
ID
ER 2236
Gregory the Great orders his envoy to Corsica to ensure that the priests do not live with any non-related women. He also helps three priests facing financial troubles. Gregory the Great, Letter 1.50, AD 591.
ID
ER 2237
Gregory the Great orders Bishop Felix of Siponto to ordain two presbyters in the city of Canosa which lacks bishop and clergy. Gregory the Great, Letter 1.51, AD 591.
ID
ER 2238
Gregory the Great orders Bishop Leo of unknown city in Corsica to assume the episcopal duties in the city of Saona which lacks currently a bishop. Leo is free to ordain presbyters in both the city and its parishes, and use all the resources belonging to the local church. Gregory the Great, Letter 1.76, AD 591.
ID
ER 2239
Gregory the Great orders the clergy and faithful from the city of Mevania to accept the rule of Presbyter Honoratus. As the bishopric is currently vacant, Honoratus will administer the diocese until the citizens of Mevania unanimously select a candidate for the office. Gregory the Great, Letter 1.78, AD 591.
ID
ER 2240
In two almost identical letters, Gregory the Great orders the clergy and nobility from the churches of Aleria and Saona (both in Corsica) to accept the visitations of the bishops sent by him. These bishops will have, for the time being, the full control of the churchs` resources and the power to ordain presbyters in the cities and their parishes. Gregory the Great, Letter 1.79, AD 591.
ID
ER 2241
Gregory the Great orders Bishop Felix of Messina not to spend church resources on expensive gifts to bishops of Rome and travels to the papal see, but rather keep them for the clerics` yearly salaries. Gregory the Great, Letter 1.64, AD 591.
ID
ER 2242
The Emperors Arcadius and Honorius issue a law exempting clerics from the tax associated with the buying and selling of food. They should also be exempted from the compulsory public labour. The law issued on 14 July 401, included in the Theodosian Code (16.2.36) published in 438.
ID
ER 2243
DRAFT The text of "Martyrdom of Marcellinus and Peter"
ID
ER 2244
The Emperors Arcadius, Honorius and Theodosius issue a law confirming privileges of churches and clerics. The law issued on 15 November 407, included in the Theodosian Code (16.2.38) published in 438.
ID
ER 2245
Presbyter Irenaeus of Lyon (Gaul), later bishop of that city, is sent regarding some church matters to Rome, ca 177. Jerome, "On Illustrious Men", Bethlehem, AD 392–393.
ID
ER 2246
Presbyter Tertullian of Carthage (North Africa) is considered one of the most illustrious Latin Christian writers. Later in his life he started to follow the teachings of Montanus. Jerome, "On Illustrious Men", Betlehem, AD 392-393.
ID
ER 2247
Presbyter Cyprian of Carthage (North Africa) was converted to Christianity by Presbyter Caecilius. He later became a presbyter and, subsequently, a bishop in Carthage. Jerome, "On Illustrious Men", Betlehem, AD 392-393.
ID
ER 2248
Presbyter Novatian of Rome tried to usurp the bishopric of Rome and taught that the lapsi should not be admitted as penitents, following the doctrine of the presbyter Novatus of Carthage (North Africa), ca 250. Jerome, "On Illustrious Men", Betlehem, AD 392-393.
ID
ER 2249
Presbyter Pierius of Alexandria (East) moves to Rome after the end of the persecutions and spends the rest of his life there, after 309. Jerome, "On Illustrious Men", Betlehem, AD 392-393.
ID
ER 2250
Presbyter Iuvencus from Spain translated into hexameter the four Gospels, ca 330. Jerome, "On Illustrious Men", Betlehem, AD 392-393.
ID
ER 2251
The Emperors Arcadius, Honorius and Theodosius issue a law according to which clerics who left the holy orders or were expelled because of their evil life should be obliged to fulfill their duties in the municipal councils (if they were decurions by birth) or other public services (if they were of lower classes). The law issued on 27 November 408, included in the Theodosian Code (16.2.39) published in 438 and in the Breviary of Alaric published in 506 in Gaul.
ID
ER 2252
Canon 6 (6b in the Greek version) of the Council of Serdica (Dacia) in 343 forbids to raise cities to the status of bishoprics if they are so small that they do not need more than a single presbyter.
ID
ER 2253
Canon 7 (= canon 5 in the Greek version) of the Council of Serdica (Dacia) in 343 mentions "presbyters a latere" of the bishop of Rome in regulations concerning bishops appealing to Rome.
ID
ER 2254
DRAFT Archpresbyter Eusebius buries the body of Saint Patroclus of Troyes and builds an oratory above his grave, AD 274/275.
ID
ER 2255
Presbyter Teuderigus, probably from the monastery in Agaune (Gaul), orders a reliquary for the relics of St. Maurice. Inscription on the reliquary of St. Maurice, Agaune (Gaul), seventh century.
ID
ER 2256
Canon 13 (= canon 10 in the Greek version) of the Council of Serdica (Dacia) in 343 orders that a wealthy layman to become a bishop has to first go through lectorate, diaconate, and presbyterate.
ID
ER 2257
The Emperors Honorius and Theodosius issue a law confirming judicial privileges of the clerics. The law issued on 11 December 411, included in the Theodosian Code (16.2.41) published in 438.
ID
ER 2258
The Emperors Honorius and Theodosius issue a law forbidding clerics to live with non-related women. The lawful wives, however, should not be deserted. The law issued on 8 May 420, included in the Theodosian Code (16.2.44) published in 438 and in the Breviary of Alaric published in Gaul in 506 and repeated in the Justinian Code, promulgated in 529 and then again 534 (1.3.19).
ID
ER 2259
The Emperors Theodosius and Valentinian issue a law confirming formerly promulgated laws with privileges for clerics. The law issued on 4 August 425 (?), included in the Theodosian Code (16.2.46) published in 438.
ID
ER 2260
Canon 15 (= canon 12 in the Greek version) of the Council of Serdica (Dacia) in 343 allows bishops to leave their church for a period no longer than three Sundays to attend to their estates which are outside their diocese. During the stay far from their diocese, they should attend mass on Sundays in a nearby city that has a presbyter.
ID
ER 2261
Canon 16 (= canon 13 in the Greek version) of the Council of Serdica (Dacia) in 343 states that is not rightful to give communion to a presbyter, deacon, or lower cleric who was excommunicated by their bishop.
ID
ER 2262
Pope Leo the Great in a sermon preached on the Collects (for the poor and needy) in Rome, asks his audience to denounce Manichees to their presbyters. Sermon 9 of Pope Leo the Great, written in Rome, AD 443.
ID
ER 2263
Pope Leo the Great in a sermon preached on one of the days of fasting in December in Rome, relates the events concerning investigation of the Manichaeans in which the presbyters of Rome took part. Sermon 16 of Pope Leo the Great, written in Rome, AD 443.
ID
ER 2264
Canon 17 (= canon 14 in the Greek version) of the Council of Serdica (Dacia) in 343 says that a presbyter or a deacon whom his bishop wants to excommunicate should have a right to appeal to the neighbouring bishops. The bishop`s decision concerning his clerics should be tested and then rejected or approved by his fellow-bishops. The clerics, though, should be obedient to their bishops.
ID
ER 2265
Canon 18 (in Latin version) of the Council of Serdica (Dacia) in 343 forbids bishops to ordain for themselves clerics from another diocese.
ID
ER 2266
Canon 19 (= canon 15 in the Greek version) of the Council of Serdica (Dacia) in 343 forbids bishops to ordain for themselves clerics from another diocese.
ID
ER 2267
Canon 20 (= canon 16 in the Greek version) of the Council of Serdica (Dacia) in 343 forbids presbyters and deacons to stay too long in Thessalonica in neglect of their own churches.
ID
ER 2268
Canon 21 (= canon 17 in the Greek version) of the Council of Serdica (Dacia) in 343 says that the bishops, presbyters, and deacons exiled unjustly from their cities should be welcomed elsewhere and allowed to stay as long as necessary.
ID
ER 2269
The Emperors Theodosius and Valentinian issue a law confirming judicial privileges for clerics. The law issued on 6 August 425, included in the Theodosian Code (16.2.47) published in 438.
ID
ER 2270
Ambrosiaster commenting on 1 Timothy 3:12-13 offers explanation of the celibacy required from bishops, presbyters, and deacons based on the ritual purity. He also mentions that there should be two presbyters in every church in the city. The "Commentaries do the Pauline Epistles", written in Rome, the 370s or 380s.