Presbyters Uniwersytet Warszawski
ID
ER 405
The Liber Pontificalis, written in Rome in the 6th and 7th c., gives the numbers of bishops, presbyters and deacons, ordained by the popes since St Peter.
1. Petrus: […] Hic fecit ordinationes per mens. decemb., episcopos III, presbiteros X diaconos VII.
2. Linus: [...] Hic fecit ordinationes II, episcopos XV, presbiteros XVIII.
3. Cletus: […] Hic ex precepto beati Petri XXV presbiteros ordinavit in urbe Roma.
4. Clemens: […] Hic fecit ordinationes III per mens. decemb., presbiteros X, diaconos II episcopos per diversa loca XV.
5. Aneclitus: […] Hic fecit ordinationes II per mens. decemb.; presbiteros V, diaconos III; episcopos per diversa loca numero VI.
6. Evaristus: […] Hic fecit ordinationes III per mens. decem., presbiteros XVII diaconos II; episcopos per diversa loca XV.
7. Alexander: […] Hic fecit ordinationes III per mens. decemb., presbiteros VI, diaconos II; episcopos per diversa loca V.
8. Xystus: […] Hic fecit ordinationes III [per mens. decemb.] presbiteros XI diaconos III episcopos per diversa loca IIII.
9. Thelesfor: […] Hic fecit ordinationes IIII per mens. decemb. presbiteros XII diaconos VIII episcopos per diversa loca XIII.
10. Yginus: […] Et fecit ordinationes III per mens. decemb. presb. XV diac. V episcopos per diversa loca VI.
11. Pius: […] Hic fecit ordinationes V per mens. decemb. presb. XVIIII diac. XXI episcopos per diversa loca XII.
12. Anicitus: […] Hic fecit ordinationes V per mens. decemb. presb. VIIII diac IIII episcopos per diversa loca VIIII.
13. Soter: […] Hic fecit ordinationes III per mens. decemb. presbiteros XVIII diaconos VIIII episcopos per diversa loca XI.
14. Eleuter: […] Hic fecit ordinationes III per mens. decemb. presbiteros XII diaconos VIII episcopos per diversa loca numero XV.
15. Victor: […] Hic fecit ordinationes II per mens. decemb., presbiteros IIII, diaconos VII; episcopos per diversa loca XII.
16. Zephyrinus: […] Hic fecit ordinationes IIII per mens. decemb., presbiteros XIIII, diaconos VII; episcopos per diversa loca  numero XIII.
17. Calistus: […] Hic fecit ordinationes V per mens. decemb., presbiteros XVI, diaconos IIII, episcopos per diversa loca VIII.
18. Urbanus: […] Hic fecit ordinationes V per mens. decemb. presbiteros XVIIII, diaconos VII; episcopos per diversa loca numero VIII.
19. Pontianus: […] Hic fecit ordinationes II per mens. decemb., presbiteros VI, diaconos V; episcopos per diversa loca numero VI.
20. Anteros: […] Hic fecit unum episcopum in civitate Fundis Campaniae per mens. decemb.
21. Fabianus: […] Hic fecit ordinationes V per mens. decemb. presbiteros XXII diaconos VII; episcopos per diversa loca numero XI.
22. Cornelius: […].
23. Lucius: […] Hic fecit ordinationes II per mens. decemb. presbiteros IIII, diaconos IIII; episcopos per diversa loca VII.
24. Stephanus: […] Hic fecit ordinationes II per mens. decemb., presbiteros VI, diaconos V; episcopos per diversa loca numero III.
25. Xystus [II]: […] Hic fecit ordinationes II per mens. decemb., presbiteros IIII diaconos VII episcopos per diversa loca II.
26. Dionisius: […] Hic fecit ordinationes II per mens. decemb., presbiteros XII, diaconos VI; episcopos per diversa loca numero  VIII.
27. Felix: […] Hic fecit ordinationes II per mens. decemb., presbiteros VIIII, diaconos V; episcopos per diversa loca numero V.
28. Eutycianus: […] Hic fecit ordinationes V per mens. decemb., presbiteros XIIII, diaconos V; episcopos per diversa loca numero VIIII.
29. Gaius: […] Hic fecit ordinationes IIII per mens. decemb., presbiteros XXV, diaconos VIII; episopos per diversa loca V.
30. Marcellinus: […] Hic fecit ordinationes II per mens. decemb. presbiteros IIII diaconos II; episcopos per diversa loca V.
31. Marcellus: […] Hic ordinavit XXV presbiteros in urbe Roma et II diaconos per mens. decemb.; episcopos per diversa loca XXI.
32. Eusebius: […] Hic fecit ordinationem I per mens. decemb., presbiteros XIII, diaconos III; episcopos per diversa loca numero XIIII.
33. Miltiades: […] Hic fecit ordinationem I per mens. decemb., presbiteros VII, diaconos V; episcopos per diversa loca numero XI.
34. Silvester: […] Hic ordines presbyterorum et diaconorum fecit VI per mens. decemb., presbiteros XLII, diac. XXVII, diversis temporibus in urbe Roma; episcopos per diversa loca num. LXV. […]
35. Marcus: […] Hic fecit ordinationes II per mens. decemb., presbiteros XXV, diaconos VI; episcopos per diversa loca XXVII.
36. Iulius: […]. Hic fecit ordinationes III in urbe Roma per mens. decemb., presbiteros XVIII, diac. IIII; episcopos per diversa loca VIIII.
37. Liberius: […] fecit ordinationes II in urbe Roma per mens. decemb., presbiteros XVIII, diaconos V; episcopos per diversa loca XVIIII.
38. Felix: […] Hic fecit ordinationem I, presbiteros XXI, diaconos V per mens. decemb.; episcopos per diversa loca XVIIII. […]
39. Damasus: […] Hic fecit ordinationes V per mens. decemb., presbiteros XXXI, diaconos XI; episcopos per diversa loca  LXII.
40. Siricius: […] Hic fecit ordinationes V in urbe Roma per mens decemb., presbiteros XXXI, diaconos XVI; episcopos per diversa loca numero XXXII.
41. Anastasius: […] Hic fecit ordinationes II per mens. decemb., presbiteros VIIII, diaconos V; episcopos per diversa loca XI.
42. Innocentius: […] Hic fecit ordinationes IIII in urbe Roma per mens. decemb., presbiteros XXX, diaconos XII; episcopos per diversa loca LIIII.
43. Zosimus: […] Hic fecit ordinationes in urbe Roma per mens. decemb., presbiteros X, diaconos III; episcopos per diversa loca VIII.
44. Bonifatius: […] Hic fecit ordinationem I per mens. decemb., presbiteros XIII, diaconos III; episcopos per diversa loca XXXVI.
45. Caelestinus: […] Hic fecit ordinationes III per mens. decemb., presbiteros XXXII, diaconos XII; episcopos per diversa loca XLVI.
46. Xystus [III]: […] Hic fecit ordinationes III per mens. decem., presbiteros XXVIII, diaconos XII; episcopos per diversa loca LII.
47. Leo: […] Hic fecit ordinationes IIII in urbe Roma per mens. decemb., presbiteros LXXXI, diaconos XXXI; episcopos per diversa loca CLXXXV.
48. Hilarus: […] Hic fecit ordinationem unam in urbe Roma per mens. decemb., presbiteros XXV, diaconos VI; episcopos per diversa loca XXII.
49. Simplicius: […] Hic fecit ordinationes in urbe Roma III per mens. decemb. et febr., presbiteros LVIII, diaconos XI, episcopos per diversa loca LXXXVIII.
50. Felix [III]: […] Hic fecit ordinationes II in urbe Roma per mens. decemb., presbiteros XXVIII, diaconos V; episcopos per diversa loca XXXI. […]
51. Gelasius: […] Hic fecit ordinationes II in urbe Roma per mens. decemb. et febr., presbiteros XXXII, diaconos II; episcopos per diversa loca LXVII.
52. Anastasius [II]: […] Hic fecit ordinationem I in urbe Roma per mens. decemb., presbiteros XII; episcopos per diversa loca XVI.
53. Symmachus: […] Hic fecit ordinationes IIII in urbe Roma per mens. decemb. et febr., presbiteros XCII, diaconos XVI; episcopos per diversa loca CXVII.
54. Hormisdas: […] Hic fecit ordinationes in urbe Roma per mens. decemb., presbiteros XXI; episcopos per diversa lova LV.
55. Iohannes [I]: […] Hic ordinavit episcopos per diversa lova XV.
56. Felix [IV]: […] Hic fecit ordinationes II in urbe Roma per mens. februario et martio, presbiteros LV, diaconos IIII; episcopos per diversa loca XXVIIII.
57. Bonifatius [II]: […]
58. Iohannes [II]: […] Hic fecit ordinationem in urbe Roma per mens. decemb., presbiteros XV; episcopos per diversa loca XXI.
59. Agapitus: […]Hic fecit ordinationem, diaconos  urbe Roma IIII, episcopos per diversa loca XI.
60. Silverius: […] Hic fecit ordinationem unam per mens. decemb., presbiteros XIIII; episcopos per diversa loca XVIII.
61. Vigilius: […] Hic fecit ordinationes II per mens. decemb., presbiteros XLVI, diaconos XVI; episcopos per diversa loca LXXXI.
62. Pelagius: […] Hic fecit ordinationes II per mens. decemb., presbiteros XXVI, diaconos VIIII, episcopos per diversa lova XLVIIII.
63. Iohannes III: […] Hic fecit ordinationes II per mens. decemb., presbiteros XXXVIII, diaconos XIII, episcopos per diversa loca LXI.
64. Benedictus: […] Hic fecit ordinationem I per mens. decemb., presbiteros XV, diaconos III, episcopos per diversa loca XXI.
65. Pelagius II: […] Hic fecit ordinationes II per mens. decemb., presbiteros XXVIII, diaconos VIII, episcopos per diversa loca XLVIII.
66. Gregorius: […] Hic fecit ordinationes II, una in Quadragesima et alia in mense septimo, presbiteros XXXVIIII, diaconos V, episcopos per diversa loca LXII.
67. Sabinianus: […] Hic fecit episcopos per diversa loca XXVI.
68. Bonifatius III: […] Hic fecit episcopos per diversa loca XXI.
69. Bonifatius IIII: […] Hic fecit ordinationes II per mens. decemb., diaconos VIII; episcopos per diversa loca XXXVI.
70. Deusdedit: […] Hic fecit ordinationes III, presbyteros XIIII, diaconos V; episcopos per diversa loca XXVIIII.
71. Bonifatius V: […] Hic fecit ordinationes II per mens. decemb., presbiteros XXVI, diaconos IIII; episcopos per diversa loca numero XXVIIII.
72. Honorius: […] Hic fecit ordinationes III, presbiteros XIII, diaconos XI; episcopos per diversa loca LXXXI.
73. Severinus: […] Fecit autem episcopos per diversa loca numero IIII. [...]
74. Iohannes IIII: […] Fecit autem ordinationes II per mens. decemb., presbiteros XVIII, diaconos V; episcopos per diversa loca numero XVIII.
75. Theodorus: […] Hic fecit ordinationem I per mens. decemb., presbiteros XXI, diaconos IIII, episcopos per diversa loca numero XLVI.
76.Martinus: […] Fecit autem ordinationes II per mens. decemb., presbiteros XI, diaconos V; episcopos per diversa loca numero XXXIII.
77. Eugenius: […] Fecit autem ordinationes: episcopos per diversa loca XXI.
78. Vitalianus: […] Fecit autem ordinationes IIII, presbiteros XXII, diaconum I; episcopos per diversa loca XCVII.
79. Adeodatus [II]: […] Fecit autem ordinationem I per mens. decemb., presbiteros XIIII, diaconos II, episcopos per diversa loca XLVI.
80. Donus: […] Fecit autem ordinationem I, presbiteros X, diaconos V, episcopos per diversa loca VI.
81. Agatho: […] Fecit autem ordinationem I, presbiteros X, diaconos III, episcopos per diversa loca XVIII.
82. Leo II: […] Hic fecit autem ordinationem I per mens. iun., die XXVII,  presbiteros VIIII, diaconos III, episcopos per diversa loca XXIII.
83. Benedictus II: […] Fecit autem episcopos per diversa loca numero XII.
84. Iohannes V: […] Fecit autem episcopos per diversa loca numero XIII.
85. Conon: […] Fecit autem episcopos per diversa loca numero XVI.
86. Sergius: […] Hic ordinavit per diversas provincias episcopos XCVII. Fecit autem et ordinationes II per mens. mart., presbiteros XVIII, diaconos IIII.
 
(ed. Duchesne 1886: 118-378)
1. Peter: […] He performed December ordinations, 3 bishops, 10 presbyters, 7 deacons.
2. Linus: [...]  He performed two ordinations, 15 bishops, 18 presbyters.
3. Cletus: […] He ordained 25 presbyters in the city of Rome, on the orders of blessed Peter.
4. Clemens: […] He performed three December ordinations, 10 presbyters, 2 deacons, 15 bishops for various places.
5. Anecletus: […] He performed two December ordinations, 5 presbyters, 3 deacons, 6 bishops for various places.
6. Evaristus: […] He performed three December ordinations, 17 presbyters, 2 deacons, 15 bishops for various places.
7. Alexander: […] He performed three December ordinations, 6 presbyters, 2 deacons, 5 bishops for various places.
8. Sixtus: […] He performed three [December] ordinations, 11 presbyters, 3 deacons, 4 bishops for various places.
9. Telesphorus: […] He performed four December ordinations, 12 presbyters, 8 deacons, 13 bishops for various places.
10. Hyginus: […] He performed three December ordinations, 15 presbyters, 5 deacons, 6 bishops for various places.
11. Pius: […] He performed five December ordinations, 19 presbyters, 21 deacons, 12 bishops for various places.
12. Anicetus: […] He performed five December ordinations, 9 presbyters, 4 deacons, 9 bishops for various places.
13. Soter: […] He performed three December ordinations, 18 presbyters, 9 deacons, 11 bishops for various places.
14. Eleuter: […] He performed three December ordinations, 12 presbyters, 8 deacons, 15 bishops for various places.
15. Victor: […] He performed two December ordinations, 4 presbyters, 7 deacons, 12 bishops for various places.
16. Zephyrinus: […] He performed four December ordinations, 14 presbyters, 7 deacons, 13 bishops for various places.
17. Callixtus: […] He performed five December ordinations, 16 presbyters, 4 deacons, 8 bishops for various places.
18. Urban: […] He performed five December ordinations, 19 presbyters, 7 deacons, 8 bishops for various places.
19. Pontianus: […] He performed two December ordinations, 6 presbyters, 5 deacons, 6 bishops for various places.
20. Anterus: […] He made one bishop in the city of Fundi in Campania in December.
21. Fabian: […] He performed five December ordinations, 22 presbyters, 7 deacons, 11 bishops for various places.
22. Cornelius: […]
23. Lucius: […] He performed two December ordinations, 4 presbyters, 4 deacons, 7 bishops for various places.
24. Stephan: […] He performed two December ordinations, 6 presbyters, 5 deacons, 3 bishops for various places.
25. Sixtus [II]: […] He performed two December ordinations, 4 presbyters, 7 deacons, 2 bishops for various places.
26. Dionysius: […] He performed two December ordinations, 12 presbyters, 6 deacons, 8 bishops for various places.
27. Felix: […] He performed two December ordinations, 9 presbyters, 5 deacons, 5 bishops for various places.
28. Eutychian: […]He performed five December ordinations, 14 presbyters, 5 deacons, 9 bishops for various places.
29. Gaius: […] He performed four December ordinations, 25 presbyters, 8 deacons, 5 bishops for various places.
30. Marcellinus: […] He performed two December ordinations, 4 presbyters, 2 deacons, 5 bishops for various places.
31. Marcellus: […] He  ordained in December 25 presbyters in the city of Rome, and 2 deacons; 21 bishops for various places.
32. Eusebius: […] He performed one December ordination, 13 presbyters, 3 deacons, 14 bishops for various places.
33. Miltiades: […] He performed one December ordination, 7 presbyters, 5 deacons, 11 bishops for various places.
34. Sylvester: […] He performed six December ordinations of presbyters and deacons, 42 presbyters, 27 deacons, at various times in the city of Rome; 65 bishops in various places. […]
35. Mark: […] He performed two December ordinations, 25 presbyters, 6 deacons, 27 bishops for various places.
36. Julius: […] He performed three December ordinations in the city of Rome, 18 presbyters, 4 deacons, 9 bishops for various places.
37. Liberius: […] He performed two December ordinations in the city of Rome, 18 presbyters, 5 deacons, 19 bishops for various places.
38. Felix: […] He performed one December ordination, 21 presbyters, 5 deacons; 19 bishops for various places. [...]
39. Damasus: […] He performed five December ordinations, 31 presbyters, 11 deacons, 62 bishops for various places.
40. Siricius: […] He performed five December ordinations in the city of Rome, 31 presbyters, 16 deacons, 32 bishops for various places.
41. Anastasius: […] He performed two December ordinations, 8 presbyters, 5 deacons, 11 bishops for various places.
42. Innocent: […] He performed four December ordinations in the city of Rome, 30 presbyters, 12 deacons, 54 bishops for various places.
43. Zosimus: […] He performed December ordinations in the city of Rome, 10 presbyters, 3 deacons, 8 bishops for various places.
44. Boniface: […] He performed one December ordination, 13 presbyters, 3 deacons, 36 bishops for various places.
45. Celestine: […] He performed three December ordinations, 36 presbyters, 12 deacons, 46 bishops for various places.
46. Sixtus [III]: […] He performed three December ordinations, 28 presbyters, 12 deacons, 52 bishops for various places.
47. Leo: […] He performed four December ordinations, 81 presbyters, 31 deacons, 185 bishops for various places.
48. Hilarius: […] He performed one December ordination in the city of Rome, 25 presbyters, 6 deacons, 22 bishops for various places.
49. Simplicius: […] He performed three December ordinations in the city of Rome, 58 presbyters, 11 deacons, 88 bishops for various places.
50. Felix [III]: […] He performed two December ordinations in the city of Rome, 28 presbyters, 5 deacons, 31 bishops for various places. […]
51. Gelasius: […] He performed two December and February ordinations in the city of Rome, 32 presbyters, 2 deacons, 57 bishops for various places.
52. Anastasius [II]: […] He performed one December ordination in the city of Rome, 12 presbyters, 16 bishops for various places.
53. Symmachus: […] He performed four December and February ordinations in the city of Rome, 112 presbyters, 16 deacons, 117 bishops for various places.
54. Hormisdas: […] He performed ordinations in the city of Rome, 21 presbyters, 55 bishops for various places.
55. John [I]: […] He ordained 15 bishops for various places.
56. Felix [IV]: […] He performed two February and March ordinations in the city of Rome, 55 presbyters, 4 deacons, 29 bishops for various places.
57. Boniface [II]: […]
58. John [II]: […] He performed a December ordination in the city of Rome, 15 presbyters, 21 bishops for various places.
59. Agapetus: […] He performed an ordination, 4 deacons in the city of Rome, 11 bishops for various places.
60. Silverius: […] He performed one December ordination, 14 presbyters, 18 bishops for various places.
61. Vigilius: […] He performed two December ordinations, 46 presbyters, 16 deacons, 81 bishops for various places.
62. Pelagius: […] He performed two December ordinations, 26 presbyters, 9 deacons, 49 bishops for various places.
63. John III: […] He performed two December ordinations, 38 presbyters, 13 deacons, 61 bishops for various places.
64. Benedict: […] He performed one December ordination, 15 presbyters, 3 deacons, 21 bishops for various places.
65. Pelagius II: […] He performed two December ordinations, 28 presbyters, 8 deacons, 48 bishops for various places.
66. Gregory: […] He performed two ordinations, one in Lent, and one in the seventh month, 39 presbyters, 5 deacons, 62 bishops for various places.
67. Sabinian: […] He made 26 bishops for various places.
68. Boniface III: […] He made 21 bishops for various places.
69. Boniface IV: […] He performed two December ordinations, 8 deacons, 36 bishops for various places.
70. Deusdedit: […] He performed three December ordinations, 14 presbyters, 5 deacons, 29 bishops for various places.
71. Boniface V: […] He performed two December ordinations, 26 presbyters, 4 deacons, 29 bishops for various places.
72. Honorius: […] He performed three ordinations, 13 presbyters, 11 deacons, 81 bishops for various places.
73. Severinus: […] He made 4 bishops for various places. [...]
74. John IV: […] He performed two December ordinations, 18 presbyters, 5 deacons, 18 bishops for various places.
75. Theodore: […] He performed one December ordination, 21 presbyters, 4 deacons, 46 bishops for various places.
76. Martin: […] He performed two December ordinations, 11 presbyters, 5 deacons, 33 bishops for various places.
77. Eugene: […] He performed ordinations: 21 bishops for various places.
78. Vitalian: […] He performed four ordinations, 22 presbyters, 1 deacon, 97 bishops for various places.
79. Adeodatus [II]: […] He performed one December ordination, 14 presbyters, 2 deacons, 46 bishops for various places.
80. Donus: […] He performed one ordination, 10 presbyters, 5 deacons, 6 bishops for various places.
81. Agatho: […] He performed one ordination, 10 presbyters, 3 deacons, 18 bishops for various places.
82. Leo II: […] He performed one ordination, on the 27th June, 9 presbyters, 3 deacons, 23 bishops for various places.
83. Benedict II: […] He made 12 bishops for various places.
84. John V: […] He made 13 bishops for various places.
85. Conon: […] He made 16 bishops for various places.
86. Sergius: […] He ordained 97 bishops for various provinces. He also performed two March ordinations, 18 presbyters, 4 deacons.
 
(trans. S. Adamiak)

Discussion:

Since the first parts of the Liber Pontificalis were composed in the sixth century, the numbers given for the earlier pontiffs have no factual basis; we presume that they were given on the basis of what was considered an average number of clerics ordained in the sixth century.
As far as the more reliable later content is concerned, we can observe many interesting facts. Generally, the number of presbyters ordained by each pope is higher than the number of deacons, but lower than the number of bishops. Especially in the seventh century, there are several popes who ordained only bishops, and no presbyters or deacons. Some popes ordained significantly more presbyters than the others, and then years without any ordination followed (e.g. ten years following the death of Gregory the Great). The highest number of presbyters, ninety-two, was ordained by Symmachus (498-514), which can be easily explained by his desire to ensure the loyalty of the Roman clergy after his contested election and the turbulent beginning of his pontificate. Afterwards, altogether 297 presbyters were ordained between the years 514 and 604, and 186 between the years 604 and 701.
There are some minor issues of the textual critic. The information about the ordinations made by Pope Cornelius ("Fecit autem ordinationem I presb. VIII") appears only in the first edition of the Liber, so we do not give it here (Duchesne 1886: 150). The notice about two December ordinations performed by John IV seems uncertain, since there was only one December during his pontificate.

Place of event:

Region
  • Rome
City
  • Rome

About the source:

Title: Liber Pontificalis, The Book of Pontiffs, Gesta Pontificum Romanorum
Origin: Rome (Rome)
Denomination: Catholic/Nicene/Chalcedonian
Liber Pontificalis is a major source for the history of the papacy in the first millenium. It is a collection of the lives of popes, starting from St Peter and kept going through to 870. Liber Pontificalis is prefaced by two apocryphical letters of Pope Damasus and Jerome, but it cannot be dated to that period. Although Mommsen tended to put the date of the actual compilation as late as the seventh century, nowadays Duchesne`s view is generally accepted that there were two editions made in the 530s-540s. The first, presumably completed soon after 530, has not survived as such, though we have two epitomes made from it (known as “Felician” and “Cononian” from the names of the popes at which they end). Duchesne tried to reconstruct it in his edition, but we follow the second edition presented by him, which was completed by the siege of Rome in 546. The work was then left aside for some time, and taken up again probably under Honorius (625-638) or shortly afterwards; hence the additions were written shortly after each pontiff`s death.
Liber starts to provide some more reliable information with the times of Pope Leo I (440-461), and becomes very well informed with the end of the fifth century. The lives of earlier popes cannot be considered as a valid source of information about their lifetime. However, those notices are a precious source for the sixth century: we learn what was considered an old tradition at the time, and how the past of the Roman church was being seen and constructed then. It is especially important when we deal with the liturgy.
Edition:
 Editions:
 L. Duchesne ed., Le `Liber Pontificalis`, vol. 1., Paris 1886.
 T. Mommsen ed., Liber Pontificalis pars prior, Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Gesta Pontificum Romanorum 1, Berlin 1898.
Translation:
 The Book of Pontiffs (Liber Pontificalis). The ancient biographies of the first ninety Roman bishops to AD 715, revised edition, translated with an introduction by R. Davis, Liverpool 2000.

Categories:

Described by a title - Presbyter/πρεσβύτερος
    Act of ordination
      Specific number of presbyters from the same church
        Please quote this record referring to its author, database name, number, and, if possible, stable URL: S. Adamiak, Presbyters in the Late Antique West, ER405, http://www.presbytersproject.ihuw.pl/index.php?id=6&SourceID=405