Presbyters Uniwersytet Warszawski
ID
ER 2195
Ambrose, bishop of Milan (Italy) in a philosophical treatise about duties "De officiis" discourages clerics to go on lavish dinner-parties and visits in the houses of widows and virgins. He proposes them instead to spend their free time reading. Milan, the late 380s.
Book 1
 
85. Habet sane suos scopulos verecundia, non quos ipsa invehit sed quos saepe incurrit; sed ne in intemperantium incidamus consortia, qui sub specie iucunditatis venenum infundunt bonis. Hi si assidui sunt et maxime in convivio ludo ac ioco enervant gravitatem illam virilem. Caveamus itaque ne, dum relaxare animum volumus, solvamus omnem harmoniam, quasi concentum quemdam bonorum operum: usus enim cito inflectit naturam.
86. Unde prudenter facitis convenire ecclesiasticis, et maxime ministrorum officiis arbitror, declinare extraneorum convivia, vel ut ipsi hospitales sitis peregrinantibus vel ut ea cautione nullus sit opprobrio locus. Convivia quippe extraneorum occupationes habent, tum etiam epulandi produnt cupiditatem. Subrepunt etiam fabulae frequenter de saeculo ac voluptatibus: claudere aures non potes, prohibere putatur superbiae. Subrepunt etiam praeter voluntatem pocula. Melius est tuae domui semel excuses quam alienae frequenter; et, ut ipse sobrius surgas, tamen ex aliena insolentia condemnari non debet praesentia tua.
87. Viduarum ac virginum domos nisi visitandi gratia, iuniores adire non est opus, et hoc cum senioribus, hoc est cum episcopo, vel si gravior est causa, cum presbyteris. Quid necesse est ut demus saecularibus obtrectandi locum? Quid opus est ut illae quoque visitationes crebrae accipiant auctoritatem? Quid si aliqua illarum forte labatur? Cur alieni lapsus subeas invidiam? Quam multos etiam fortes illecebra decepit! Quanti non dederunt errori locum et dederunt suspicioni!
88. Cur non illa tempora quibus ab ecclesia vacas, lectioni impendas? Cur non Christum revisas, Christum adloquaris, Christum audias? Illum adloquimur cum oramus, illum audimus cum divina legimus oracula. Quid nobis cum alienis domibus? Una est domus quae omnes capit. Illi potius ad nos veniant, qui nos requirunt. Quid nobis cum fabulis? Ministerium altaribus Christi, non obsequium hominibus deferendum recepimus.
 
(ed. Testard 2000: ...)
Book 1
 
85. Modesty has its own dangers, of course. It does not bring them on itself, but it often meets with them. All the same, we must make sure not to fall into the company of people who show no ability to control themselves, for they inject poison into those who are good, all under the guise of harmless pleasure. If good men become too closely involved in their ways—especially in their lavish dinners, their fun and games, and jocular banter—they undermine all their natural manliness and seriousness. We need to take care, then, that in our desire to relax our spirit we do not shatter the overall harmony of our character or, as it were, introduce a jarring note into the symphony of our good works. There is no doubt about it: habit soon alters nature.
86. Since this is the case, you will behave with the kind of wisdom appropriate to ecclesiastics—and especially appropriate, I think, to the duties of ministers—if you steer clear of dinner-parties held by people outside the church—either so that you can show hospitality to travellers yourself, or simply to ensure by your discretion that you do not give any occasion for scandal. The point is, dinners with those outside bring their own engrossments, not to mention the fact that they instil a fondness for eating large meals. Stories to do with the world and its pleasures often creep in, too: it is not possible for you to close your ears to them, and if you forbid them it is construed as a sign of pride on your part. Drinks also creep in, in far greater quantities than you would wish. Better to give the excuse once and for all that you would rather stay in your own home, than to be always making excuses for spending time in other people's. Besides, you may well leave the table quite sober yourself, but it cannot be right to bring criticism on yourself for being present where others have over-indulged.
87. There is no reason for younger men to go near the houses of widows and virgins, unless they are on an official visit. Even this should be done in the company of older men—namely, the bishop, or, if the situation is that serious, with the priests. Why should we give worldly people occasion to criticize us? Why should such visits take on some significance by their frequency? What if one of these women were by chance to fall? Why should you come under reproach because someone else has fallen? Think how many men there are, strong men, too, who have been taken in by charms like these! Think how many there are who have given no occasion for any kind of transgression, but have given plenty of occasion for suspicion!
88. Why not employ those periods, when you are free from church responsibilities, in reading? Why not go to see Christ again, speak to Christ, listen to Christ? We speak to him when we pray, we listen to him when we read the divine oracles. What have we to do with other people's homes? There is one home that contains us all. Rather, let those who need us come to us. What have we to do with stories? We have received a ministry to serve at the altars of Christ, not a responsibility to pay homage to men.
 
(trans. Davidson 2001: 168-169)

Place of event:

Region
  • Italy north of Rome with Corsica and Sardinia
City
  • Milan

About the source:

Author: Ambrose of Milan
Title: De officiis, On duties
Origin: Milan (Italy north of Rome with Corsica and Sardinia)
Denomination: Catholic/Nicene/Chalcedonian
Ambrose of Milan most probably wrote "De officiis" in the late 380s. With some probability, we can identify Ambrose`s allusion to "the times of Arian onslaught" to his confrontation with the Arians over the basilicas in Milan in 385-386 (see [1947] and [1951]). Similarly, the story about a certain urban prefect of Rome who failed to cope with the food shortage in the city may refer to Q. Aurelius Symmachus who was the prefect in 384. For the more detailed discussion on dating and references to the secondary literature see Davidson 2001: 3-5.
 
Ambrose to same extent modelled his work on the famous treatise by Cicero also titled De officiis. Ambrose follows Cicero in dividing his work into three books and he refers to Cicero`s considerations about what is virtuous, what is practical and about opposition between virtuous and practical. Ambrosian De officiis are not, however, a Christian rendering of the classical pagan philosophical treatise nor the consistent refutation of Cicero, though he is evoked critically in several places. As Ivor Davidson proposed, De officiis are rather "designed to be a sign of Ambrose`s church`s relationiship to the saeculum." (Davidson 2001: 59; see also McLynn 1994: 255-256). It is not devised to systematically respond to Cicero (and pagans in general) on philosophical grounds, and therefore much of the argument relies on the Scriptural exempla. These show that new Christian and clerical officialdom is superior to any former pagan elites because of its higher purposes and responsibility toward God. For this interpretation see Davidson 2001: 45-64.
 
The immediate addressees of the treatise are Ambrose`s clerics, especially the young ones as he frequently addresses them in fatherly manner and makes allusions to their young age and lack of experience (e.g. I.65-66, 81, 87, 212, 217-218, II.97-101). It seems, however, also very probable that Ambrose`s had also in mind wider readership of literary secular elites (Davidson 2001: 63-64).
 
Two primary families of the manuscript tradition name the treatise "De officiis". In the third, the longer version apears - "De officiis ministrorum". Although it is most possibly the corrective gloss, as Davidson notices (2001: 1), the longer title is more frequently used in modern scholarship. Ancient allusions to the treatise give the shorter version (Augustine, Letter 82.21; Cassiodorus, Institutiones 1.16.4).
Edition:
M. Testard ed., Ambroise de Milan, Les devoirs, 2 vols., Paris 1984-1992 (with French translation)
M. Testard ed., Ambrosii Mediolanensis De officiis, Corpus Christianorum Series Latina 15, Turnhout 2000
 
English translation with commentary:
I. Davidson ed., Ambrose, De officiis, 2 vols., Oxford 2001
Bibliography:
N. McLynn, Ambrose of Milan. Church and Court in Christian Capital, Oxford 1994

Categories:

Sexual life - Sexual activity
    Food/Clothes/Housing - Food and drink
      Entertainment - Feasting
        Described by a title - Presbyter/πρεσβύτερος
          Relation with - Lower cleric
            Relation with - Woman
              Described by a title - Minister/λειτουργός/ὑπηρέτης
                Described by a title - Ecclesiasticus
                  Devotion - Reading the Bible and devotional literature
                    Pastoral activity - Helping the poor and needy
                      Pastoral activity - Visiting the sick
                        Please quote this record referring to its author, database name, number, and, if possible, stable URL: M. Szada, Presbyters in the Late Antique West, ER2195, http://www.presbytersproject.ihuw.pl/index.php?id=6&SourceID=2195