Presbyters Uniwersytet Warszawski
ID
ER 1878
Lay candidates for the clergy should be investigated more carefully than monks. Gelasius I, Letter 14, Rome, AD 494.
Chapter 2
 
Ut ubi nulla perurget necessitas, constituta patrum inviolata serventur; vel quum defuerint clerici, de monachis eligantur.
 
2. Priscis igitur pro sui reverentia manentibus constitutis, quae, ubi nulla vel rerum vel temporum perurgeat angustia, regulariter convenit custodiri, eatenus ecclesiis, quae vel cunctis sunt privatae ministris vel sufficientibus usque adeo dispoliatae servitiis, ut plebibus ad se pertinentibus divina munera supplere non valeant, tam instituendi quam promovendi clericalis obsequii sic spatia dispensanda concedimus: ut si quis, etiam de religioso proposito et disciplinis monasterialibus eruditus, ad clericale munus accedit, imprimis eius vita praeteritis acta temporibus inquiratur: si nullo gravi facinore probatur infectus, si secundam non habuit fortassis uxorem, nec a marito relictam sortitus ostenditur; si poenitentiam publicam fortasse non gessit, nec ulla corporis parte vitiatus apparet; si servilis aut originariae non est conditionis obnoxius; si curiae iam probatur nexibus absolutus; si assecutus est litteras, sine quibus vix fortassius ostiarium possit implere; ut si his omnibus quae sunt praedicta fulcitur, continuo lector vel notarius aut certe defensor effectus, post tres menses exsistat acolythus, maxime si huic aetas etiam suffragatur, sexto mense subdiaconi nomen accipiat, ac si modestae conversationis honestaeque voluntatis exsistit, nono mense diaconus completoque anno sit presbyter: cui tamen, quod annorum fuerant interstitia collatura, sancti propositi sponte suscepta doceatur praaestitisse devotio.
3. Si vero de laicis quispiam ecclesiasticis est aggregandus officiis, tantos ollicitus in singulis, quae superius comprehensa sunt, huiusmodi decet examinari personam, quantum inter mundanam religiosamque vitam constat esse discriminis: quia utique convenientia Ecclesiae ministeria reparanda sunt, non inconvenientibus meritis ingerendi; tantoque magis, quod sacris aptum possit esse servitiis, in eorum quaerendum est institutis, quantum de tempore, quo fuerant assequenda, decerpitur: ut morum habere doceatur hoc probitas, quod prolixior consuetudo non contulit; ne per occasionem supplendae penuriae clericalis vitia potius divinis cultibus intulisse, non legitimae familiae computemur compendia procurasse. Quorum promotionibus super anni metas sex menses nihilominus subrogamus: quoniam, sicut dictum est, distare convenit inter personam divino cultui deditam et de laicorum conversatione venientem. Quae tamen eatenus indulgenda credidimus, ut illis ecclesiis, quibus infestatione bellorum vel nulla penitus vel exigua remanserunt, ministeria renoventur: quatenus his Deo propitio restitutis, in ecclesiasticis gradibus subrogandis canonum paternorum vetus forma servetur; nec contra eos ulla ratione praevaleat, quod pro accidentis defectus remedio providetur, non adversus scita maiorum nova lege proponitur: ceteris ecclesiis ab hac occasione cessantibus, quas non simili clade vastatas pristinam faciendis ordinationibus convenit tenere sententiam. Quo magis hac opportunitate commoniti, observantiam venerandorum canonum propensius delegamus, singulorum graduum conscientias admonentes, ne in illicitos prorumpere moliantur excessus; nec fas esse confidat quisque pontificum, bigamos, aut coniugia sortientes ab aliis derelicta, sive quoslibet post poenitentiam, vel sine litteris, vel corpore vitiatos, vel conditionarios, aut curiae publicarumque rerum nexibus implicatos, aut passim nulla temporis congruentis exspectatione discussos, divinis servituros applicare mysteriis; neque pro suo libitu iura studeant aliena pervadere, absque sedis apostolicae iusta dispositione mandante.
 
(ed. Thiel 1868: 360.362-364)
Chapter 2
 
That if any people from the laity are chosen for the clergy, they should be investigated much more carefully than it is prescribed for monks.
 
2. Therefore,  out of reverence for the ordinances of old, when there is no pressing emergency or lack of time, it is appropriate to observe the rules. However, we allow the churches which are either robbed of all their ministers or so bereft of sufficient service that they are not in a position to provide the divine gifts for their people, to ignore the intervals for both appointing and advancing clerics. Therefore, if someone, even one of a religious bent who has been trained in monastic discipline, enters the clerical rank, first the conduct of his life in the past must be investigated: if he was not contaminated by any serious offence, if in all probability he did not have a second wife, nor taken a wife who was abandoned by her husband; if in all probability he did not perform public penance and does not appear to have any bodily part amputated; if he is not hindered by the state of slavery or serfdom (originarius); if he is free from the ties of the curia; if he has an education without which in all probability he could scarcely fulfil even the duty of ostiarius; if he proves to meet all these conditions, let him immediately be made a reader or a notary or a defensor at least. After three months let him be an acolyte, especially if his age also is in favour of it, in the sixth month let him take the title of subdeacon, and if his way of life is modest and his intention honourable, in the ninth month let him become a deacon, and at the end of the year a presbyter. However, because the intervals of the years were compressed, let it be ascertained that his allegiance to his holy intention is voluntary.
3. But if anybody from among the laity is to be added to the ranks of ecclesiastics, it is seemly for a person of this kind to be examined with so much greater attention to the details named above, as we agree that there is a big difference between the worldly and religious life. For we have to provide suitable service for the church, and not promote people whose merits are unsuitable. And so much more should we look in them was could be useful for the sacred services in their lifestyles, as these things were lacking in the period when they pursued [their former life]. Thus the examination of their conduct will show  what a longer familiarity could not demonstrate, lest seeking to help the scarcity of clergy, one introduce blemish into divine worship instead of legitimate gain. For this reason, we add six months to the the period of a year for their advancement, because, as it has been said, it is appropriate to distinguish between the person who is dedicated to divine worship and one coming from the way of life of lay people.
However, we have become convinced that the following leniency should be granted to those churches in which due to the troubles of was few or none [clerics] remained,  in order to renew the ministry, until, God been propitious, ancient canonical rules of the Fathers with regard to filling ecclesiastical ranks may be observed. Nor should the cure that is being provided for a temporary shortage seem in any way to be against them; we are not proposing a new law against the decisions of the elders. For all other churches unaffected by this situation which have not been laid low by a similar disaster, it is appropriate to uphold the original verdict with regard to conducting ordinations. Moreover, we take this occasion to even more readily order the observance of the venerable canons, warning the conscience of those in every clerical rank not to attempt to rush into unlawful aberrations. Nor should any of the pontiffs accept that it is right for the twice-married, or those who have contracted marriages abandoned by others, however much they may have done penance, or those who are illiterate, or who do lack a body part, or those subject to restitution or involved in obligations of the curia or affairs of the state, or those who have been banned far and wide with no expectation of a suitable time to return, approach to serve the divine mysteries. Nor at their own whim should they seek to introduce laws, unless a lawful directive from the apostolic see orders them to do so.
 
(trans. Neil - Allen 2014: 146-148, slighlty altered)
 

Discussion:

Letter 14 of Pope Gelasius, written on 11 March 494, was addressed to the bishops of Lucania and Bruttium (i.e. nowadays Calabria) and Sicily. They were under Gelasius' direct metropolitan jurisdiction. The long letter is a "decretal" and contains mainly various norms regulating the rights and obligation of clergy.

Place of event:

Region
  • Rome
  • Italy south of Rome and Sicily
City
  • Rome

About the source:

Author: Gelasius I
Title: Epistulae, Letters
Origin: Rome (Rome)
Denomination: Catholic/Nicene/Chalcedonian
Gelasius I was the bishop of Rome between AD 492 and 496.
Edition:
Thiel A. ed., Epistulae Romanorum pontificum genuinae et quae ad eos scriptae sunt a S. Hilario usque ad Pelagium II, 1, Braunsberg 1868, 287-510.
 
Translation:
B. Neil, P. Allen edd.,  The Letters of Gelasius I (492-496): Pastor and Micro-Manager of the Church of Rome, Turnhout 2014.
Bibliography:
B. Neil, P. Allen edd.,  The Letters of Gelasius I (492-496): Pastor and Micro-Manager of the Church of Rome, Turnhout 2014.

Categories:

Social origin or status - Social elite
    Education - Monastic education
      Education - Insufficient education
        Family life - Marriage
          Family life - More than one marriage
            Former ecclesiastical career - Lower clergy
              Former ecclesiastical career - Deacon
                Described by a title - Presbyter/πρεσβύτερος
                  Reasons for ordination - Pastoral needs of the Christian community
                    Impediments or requisits for the office - Physical incapacity
                      Impediments or requisits for the office - Age
                        Impediments or requisits for the office - Marriage
                          Impediments or requisits for the office - Social/Economic/Legal status
                            Monastic or common life
                              Shortage of clergy
                                Impediments or requisits for the office - Ecclesiastical career
                                  Impediments or requisits for the office - Public penance
                                    Please quote this record referring to its author, database name, number, and, if possible, stable URL: S. Adamiak, Presbyters in the Late Antique West, ER1878, http://www.presbytersproject.ihuw.pl/index.php?id=6&SourceID=1878